الجمعة، 5 أكتوبر 2012

أغـــرب 10 الغــاز فــي الـعـــالـــم

Top 10 Amazing Mysteries of World


Today we present the top 10 amazing mysteries of the world that are still not understandable to many. The list starts with number 10:

10. Extraterrestrial Intelligence

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A myth, mystery or obscurity? Well no one has the answer yet. There are evidences that Extraterrestrial Intelligence lies somewhere in space, yet undiscovered. This is really a simple mystery. Frank Drake, an astrophysicist, formed an equation that helps figure out how much intelligent life there is in the universe. He estimated that if only one in a billion planets have intelligent life, then there must still be over 6 billion planets with intelligence on them.

9. Tunguska Event

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On June 30, 1908, there was a large explosion above the Podkamennaya Tunguska River, in Russia. The blast produced an approximated yield of 10-15 megatons of TNT, or about 1,000 times the yield of the atomic bomb that ruined Hiroshima, Japan. Conspiracy advocates and greater part of the scientific community agree that it was caused by a meteoroid exploding in mid air. There was a region of approximately 2,150 square km where trees were bent away from the hypocenter of the blast. The blast made trees to bend in a concentric circle and the mystery remains unsolved as for what happened actually.

8. Antimatter

Antimatter Top 10 Amazing Mysteries of World
Such type of Matter whose presence cannot be detected but can be felt due to the objects surrounding us, such as stars and galaxies. Within a twisting galaxy like our own Milky Way, the stars move as if huge quantities of dark matter live in a gigantic aura that environs the galaxy’s disk. Likewise, within clusters of galaxies, the individual galaxies move as if many times more matter is present than that visible in the form of stars and interstellar gas and dust. Basically Antimatter is the antonym of matter, literally predicting that any such kind of thing which has the capability to destroy or engulf surrounding matter.

7. Consciousness

Consciousness Top 10 Amazing Mysteries of World
So let me become more interactive to you guys, what is consciousness? What makes our brain work in the exact form like we want? What makes us to counter act if someone tries to harm us? These all things are related to your ability to remain active and conscious. Can consciousness survive the death of the brain that carries it? There are hundreds of answers which are yet to be answered.
What is the mind? Behaviorists say that it is just an engine for conditioned responses. But it’s hard to deny that our ability to reflect on our own thoughts is something distinct and interesting. Is it a mere side-effect of the way our brains work? If so, how long will it be before a computer becomes self-aware and asks for equal rights? How can you tell true consciousness from something designed to simulate it? Can consciousness survive the death of the brain that carries it? There are a lot of questions, but until we can have an equal conversation with either a robot or a ghost, there really won’t be any answers

6. Dark Energy

Dark Energy Top 10 Amazing Mysteries of World
Let’s recall for a minute the Einstein Theory of Relativity. A property of empty space, allowed by Einstein’s general theory of relativity that acts as a large, negative pressure and pushes the Universe apart at a faster and faster rate. Its subsistence has been imagined on the basis of observations which specify that the expansion of the Universe is accelerating. Current observations suggest that about 74% of the mass-energy of the Universe is in the form of dark energy. The accounts also suggest that about 22% consists of dark matter and the remaining 4% is usual matter.

5. Time

Time Top 10 Amazing Mysteries of World
Time, the first question arises from this word is, what’s the basic definition of Time? Is it some kind of dimension? Is it a state of matter? Or just an illusion constructed to boost the sales of watches?

4. The Beginning of the Universe

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Discoveries in astronomy and physics have shown beyond a sensible doubt that our universe did in fact have a beginning. No one ever knows what the situation of universe before the Big Bang was, was there even a universe, or not, or was the universe was purposefully created for us by a God? There are many theories behind the formation of our milky way one of them is the Big Bang theory. However, the Big Bang was theoretically not an explosion. An explosion occurs when matter moves through space from a high pressure point to a low pressure point, and does so very, very rapidly. According to the typical theory, our universe came into existence as “singularity” around 13.7 billion years ago. It was predicted that two homogenous stars came so much close that the force of gravity of one caused to tear a part of the other star while these stars were too close to each other. Pieces of one star was sprinkled in space and started revolving around it and somehow got cooled and one of them gave birth to life.


3. End of the Universe

End of the Universe Top 10 Amazing Mysteries of World
Scientists try to find the cause of this extermination and it’s still not understandable. According to a theory it has been stated that from the time of Big Bang, the Universe is in constant expansion and at some point when this recoil diminishes, the Universe will begin to contract and a time will come when nothing will survive.

2. Multiple Universes

Multiple Universes Top 10 Amazing Mysteries of World
Existing quantum physics raises the possibility that there are many universes besides our own, existing in the same space and time, but only interacting in certain limited ways. These universes may have their own separate histories and futures, and even their own laws of physics.

1. Grand Unification Theory

Grand Unification Theory Top 10 Amazing Mysteries of World
Grand Unification, grand unified theory, or GUT refers to some very similar unified field theories or models in physics that predicts that at extremely high energies (above 1014 GeV), the electromagnetic, weak nuclear, and strong nuclear forces are fused into a single unified field. This is another new aspect on which work is still under way.


الاثنين، 1 أكتوبر 2012

أكبـــر 10 مـكـتـبــات في العـــالـــم

Top 10 Largest Libraries in the world :)


Knowledge is the world’s only thing you cannot constrain anywhere. In every era people tried to save every bit of knowledge they acquired and today we have the mighty libraries filled with the abundance of knowledge and human practices. Today we attempted to produce a top 10 list of the world’s largest libraries of the world.

10. Library of Congress

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Library of congress is located in Washington DC, USA. It was founded in the year 1800. This library stocks over 30 million books. Library of congress was featured in a film National Treasure 2. The Library of Congress was established on April 24, 1800, when President John Adams signed an Act of Congress providing for the transfer of the seat of government from Philadelphia to the new capital city of Washington.

9. National Library of China

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The National Library of China or NLC in Beijing is the largest library in Asia, and one of the largest in the world with a collection of over 26.3 million volumes by 2007. It holds the largest and among the richest worldwide collections of Chinese literature and historical documents.

8. Library of the Russian Academy of Sciences

Library of the Russian Academy of Sciences 550x370 Top 10 Largest Libraries
The Russian Academy of Sciences Bibliographies covers the social sciences and humanities with topics ranging from archaeology, economics, history, law, linguistics, literary criticism, philosophy, political science, religious studies, and much more. The catalog includes citations and abstracts of journal articles, books, manuscripts, and dissertations published primarily in Russia, the republics of the former Soviet Union, and countries in Eastern Europe. This library stocks over 20 million books.

7. National Library of Canada

National Library of Canada Top 10 Largest Libraries
The National Library of Canada holds more than 10 million publications. Most are written and published in Canada, but some are works about Canada that are published abroad. A specialized area of expertise is Canadian music. The National Library holds records, tapes, compact discs, sound recordings, sheet music and personal papers of musicians. It even has the piano of famed Canadian pianist, Glenn Gould. Reference services respond to about 100,000 inquiries each year. With a few exceptions, the National Library of Canada will lend material to any library in Canada or around the world. This library stocks over 18.8 million books.

6. German National Library

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The German National Library is the vital archival library and national bibliographic core for the Federal Republic of Germany. Its task, individual in Germany, is to gather, permanently archive, comprehensively document and evidence bibliographically without gap all German and German-language publications from 1913 on, foreign publications about Germany, translations of German works, and the works of German-speaking emigrants published abroad between 1933 and 1945, and to make them available to the public. The German National Library maintains co-operative external relations on the national and international level. For example, it is the leading partner in developing and maintaining rules and standards in Germany and plays a significant role in the development of international standards.

5. British Library

British Library Top 10 Largest Libraries
The British Library receives a copy of every publication produced in the UK and Ireland. The collection includes well over 150 million items, in most known languages. 3 million new items are added every year. They have manuscripts, maps, newspapers, magazines, prints and drawings, music scores, and patents. The British Library house 8 million stamps and other philatelic items and all this require over 625 km of shelves, and grow by 12 km every year.

4. Institute for Scientific Information Russian Academy of Sciences

Institute for Scientific Information Russian Academy of Sciences 550x369 Top 10 Largest Libraries
Institute for Scientific Information Russian Academy of Sciences is in Moscow, Russia. It was founded in 1969. This library stocks over 13.5 million books.

3. Harvard University Library

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The Harvard Library provides comprehensive access to library holdings across the boundaries of individual faculties and disciplines. The Library is also a department of the University’s central administration through which the libraries collaborate in the areas of digital acquisitions and collections, information technology, high-density storage, and preservation having a stock of 13.1 million books.

2. Vernadsky National Scientific Library of Ukraine

Vernadsky National Scientific Library of Ukraine 550x370 Top 10 Largest Libraries
The Vernadsky National Scientific Library is situated in Ukraine. It was established in the year 1919. This library stocks over 13 million books.

1. New York Public Library

New York Public Library 550x412 Top 10 Largest Libraries
The New York Public Library was fashioned by the consolidation of the Tilden Trust and the Astor and Lenox libraries on May 23 year 1895. The milestone building was erected on the site of the old Croton Reservoir. The cornerstone was laid on November 10, 1902. The Building cost was approximately $9,000,000 on a plot value of $20,000,000. There are 88 miles of shelf space in the Humanities & Social Science Library and 40 miles under Bryant Park. Seating was made from 42 oak tables, each seating up to 16 readers providing a total space for 624 readers; before renovation, only 490 reader seats were present .



أنــذر القـصـص وأفضــل المـعـلــومــات




أصــلــب 10 مــواد علــي ســطــح الأرض

Top 10 Hardest Materials


Diamond is widely believed to be the hardest known material to man, but is it really the case? What are the other hard materials apart from diamond? Well, today our list will answer these questions for you.

No 10. Alumina

10a3 Top 10 Hardest Materials 1013 550x412 Top 10 Hardest Materials
Alumina is a common name for Aluminum Oxide, which is an amphoteric oxide and is more even more commonly known as Corundum in its crystalline form. Alumina in its alpha phase is the strongest and stiffest of the oxide ceramics; alpha phase is the most stable hexagonal phase achieved at high temperatures. Alumina is used in gas laser tubes, electronic substrates, ballistic armor and grinding media. Varieties of alumina exist and the more known of them are Ruby and Sapphire which are categorized based on impurities as well as color.

No 9. Boron carbide

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This is an extremely hard ceramic material most notably used in tank armor and bulletproof vests. It finds its use in padlocks, neutron absorber in nuclear reactors, high energy fuel for solid fuel Ramjets and anti-ballistic armor plating.

No 8. Zirconium carbide

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Appearing as a gray metallic powder Zirconium carbide is an extremely hard refractory ceramic material, commercially used in tool bits for cutting tools. Zirconium Carbide along with Zirconium Oxide are known as modern ceramics and is extremely hard, wear resistant, and chemically inert.

No 7. Titanium diboride

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Titanium Diboride is an extremely hard material with very good high temperature corrosion resistance. It is a ceramic and therefore is a material of high interest due to being electrically conductive. Titanium diboride is more than three times strong the strongest steel available.

No 6. Titanium carbide

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Titanium carbide is a hard ceramic material with excellent tribological wear properties. It has a high Mohs rating in the range of 9-9.5 and is mainly used in preparation of cermets, which are frequently used to machine steel materials at high cutting speed.

No 5. Rhenium diboride

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First synthesized in 1962, Rhenium diboride, synthetic superhard material, compared to the others materials on the list is a cheaper material  to make as its production does not involve high pressures. Above, the first picture shows Rhenium diboride in powder and pellet form and the second shows the element Rhenium.

No 4. Borazon

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This is a variation of Boron nitride (more correctly called cubic boron nitride) and is obtained by heating equal quantities of boron and nitrogen at temperatures greater exceeding 1800 degree Celsius. Borazon finds its use in grinding wheels among other materials. Brozan was also used as a cheaper alternative to diamond.

No 3. Diamond

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Diamonds was the hardest naturally occurring material for some time and it grows in about a time of 1 billion to 3.3 billion years under high pressure. Diamonds are mostly used for adornment and by drillers to drill more efficiently.

No 2. Lonsdaleite

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Lonsdaleite is also knows as hexagonal diamond and is formed when meteorites containing graphite strike the Earth, so it is pretty rare. It is translucent, brownish-yellow in color and purest form of it is more than 50 percent harder than diamond.

No 1. Wurtzite boron nitride

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Wurtzite boron nitride has a structure very similar to that of a diamond but with a few improvements making it very much stronger than it. Wurtzite boron nitride is also extremely rare and is produced during volcanic eruptions.

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